Innovations in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy: long-acting stimulant and nonstimulant treatments.

This article reviews innovations in attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pharmacotherapy and describes research on the newer, long-acting stimulant and nonstimulant treatments for ADHD. Results from peer-reviewed articles comparing the efficacy and safety of longer-acting methylphenidate or amphetamine-based stimulants and the nonstimulant atomoxetine are described. Longer-acting stimulants and nonstimulants provide increased clinical utility compared with short-acting stimulants. Efficacy and safety are similar to 2- or 3-times-a-day treatment with short-acting stimulants. Longer-acting stimulants and nonstimulants provide increased convenience and flexibility for treating youth with ADHD and show considerable promise. Direct head-to-head studies are needed to better inform clinical decision making and to identify moderators and mediators of differential response.