Characterization of hnRNP K protein-RNA interactions.

The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K protein is an RNA-binding protein found in several subcellular compartments where it is thought to be involved in signaling multiple processes that compose gene expression. K protein contains three K homology (KH) domains that mediate RNA-binding. We used a serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE)-based strategy, yeast three-hybrid screen, RNA pull-down assays and computational analysis to characterize K protein-associated RNAs. We demonstrate that K protein interacts with many sense and antisense nuclear and mitochondrial transcripts through both direct and indirect binding. The highly specific direct binding of transcripts to K protein is mediated by a consensus sequence comprising three C-rich patches. Structural analysis suggests a three-prong interaction model whereby each of the three KH domains binds one of the C-rich patches. Genome-wide and yeast three-hybrid clone analysis revealed that these sequences are located preferentially in the 3' untranslated regions, which are known to regulate mRNA translation and processing.