Advanced molecular cytogenetics in human and mouse.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization, spectral karyotyping, multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, and more recently array comparative genomic hybridization, represent advancements in the field of molecular cytogenetics. The application of these techniques for the analysis of specimens from humans, or mouse models of human diseases, enables one to reliably identify and characterize complex chromosomal rearrangements resulting in alterations of the genome. As each of these techniques has advantages and limitations, a comprehensive analysis of cytogenetic aberrations can be accomplished through the utilization of a combination approach. As such, analyses of specific tumor types have proven invaluable in the identification of new tumor-specific chromosomal aberrations and imbalances (aneuploidy), as well as regions containing tumor-specific gene targets. Application of these techniques has already improved the classification of tumors into distinct categories, with the hope that this will lead to more tailored treatment strategies. These techniques, in particular the application of tumor-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization probes to interphase nuclei, are also powerful tools for the early identification of premalignant lesions.