The Down syndrome patient in dental practice, Part II: clinical considerations.

Down syndrome (DS), or Trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder which results in intellectual impairment, typical craniofacial features and a wide spectrum of phenotypic abnormalities (reviewed by Kieser et al, 2003). Despite a large volume of research into this condition, its prevalence remains high (1 in 700 live births - Serra and Neri, 1990; Reeves, 2000). This, together with a notable increase in life expectancy (Pilcher, 1998), improved health care and a greater degree of integration into society in New Zealand has resulted in an increased demand for dental care.