OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical features and to establish optimal management in children with primary immunodeficiency (PID) and liver disease. Study design A retrospective analysis of medical records of 147 children with PID who presented with abnormal liver tests to a tertiary center. RESULTS: Clinical evidence of liver disease was documented in 35 (23.8%) patients. Of these, 22 (63%) had hepatomegaly and 14 (40%) had splenomegaly. Sclerosing cholangitis (SC) was diagnosed in 21 children (60%), based on radiological and histological criteria; 4 patients with SC on cholangiography had no biliary changes in the liver biopsy. Ultrasonography demonstrated a dilated biliary system in 14 (67%) children with SC. Of 27 children investigated for Cryptosporidium parvum (CSP), 12 (44%) were positive, including 9 of 12 with SC. Overall, 7 (20%) patients died, including 3 boys with disseminated recurrent CSP infection after successful liver transplantation (LT). Temporary deterioration of liver injury was observed in 2 CSP-positive boys with CD40 ligand deficiency (CD40LD) who were undergoing nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Successive liver and HSCT was curative in 1 patient with CD40LD and end-stage liver disease. CONCLUSION: SC is the most common hepatic complication of PID. Mild liver involvement could be arrested by early nonmyeloablative HSCT, whereas advanced disease may warrant combined liver and HSCT.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical features and to establish optimal management in children with primary immunodeficiency (PID) and liver disease. Study design A retrospective analysis of medical records of 147 children with PID who presented with abnormal liver tests to a tertiary center. RESULTS: Clinical evidence of liver disease was documented in 35 (23.8%) patients. Of these, 22 (63%) had hepatomegaly and 14 (40%) had splenomegaly. Sclerosing cholangitis (SC) was diagnosed in 21 children (60%), based on radiological and histological criteria; 4 patients with SC on cholangiography had no biliary changes in the liver biopsy. Ultrasonography demonstrated a dilated biliary system in 14 (67%) children with SC. Of 27 children investigated for Cryptosporidium parvum (CSP), 12 (44%) were positive, including 9 of 12 with SC. Overall, 7 (20%) patients died, including 3 boys with disseminated recurrent CSP infection after successful liver transplantation (LT). Temporary deterioration of liver injury was observed in 2 CSP-positive boys with CD40 ligand deficiency (CD40LD) who were undergoing nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Successive liver and HSCT was curative in 1 patient with CD40LD and end-stage liver disease. CONCLUSION: SC is the most common hepatic complication of PID. Mild liver involvement could be arrested by early nonmyeloablative HSCT, whereas advanced disease may warrant combined liver and HSCT.
Authors: M Moncada-Vélez; A Vélez-Ortega; J Orrego; I Santisteban; J Jagadeesh; M Olivares; N Olaya; M Hershfield; F Candotti; J Franco Journal: Scand J Immunol Date: 2011-11 Impact factor: 3.487
Authors: Alexandra F Freeman; Nada Yazigi; Nirali N Shah; David E Kleiner; Mark Parta; Prescott Atkinson; Theo Heller; Steven M Holland; Stuart S Kaufman; Khalid M Khan; Dennis D Hickstein Journal: Transplantation Date: 2019-10 Impact factor: 4.939
Authors: P Wood; S Stanworth; J Burton; A Jones; D G Peckham; T Green; C Hyde; H Chapel Journal: Clin Exp Immunol Date: 2007-06-12 Impact factor: 4.330