BACKGROUND: Automotive collision simulations have been performed using either incremental or single trauma. In single trauma, a single impact is performed, while in incremental trauma, a series of impacts of increasing severity are executed. Equivalency of incremental and single trauma for soft tissue injury severity due to the final impact has not been established. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether incremental and single trauma produced similar cervical spine subfailure injury severity due to simulated frontal impacts. METHODS: Porcine cervical spine specimens (C2-T1) of the incremental trauma group were subjected to five frontal impacts (2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, 8 g), while single trauma specimens were subjected to a single impact (8 g). Flexibility tests were performed on specimens while intact and following each impact. Intact and post 8 g flexibility parameters were compared within incremental and single trauma groups and between groups. FINDINGS: No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between incremental and single trauma groups when either intact or post 8 g flexibility parameters were compared. Significant increases in flexibility parameters from intact to post 8 g were observed in both groups, indicating soft tissue injury. INTERPRETATION: Incremental and single trauma produced equivalent subfailure cervical spine injury in simulated impacts, for the experimental conditions studied. This study may facilitate greater use of the incremental trauma protocol in future experimental designs.
BACKGROUND: Automotive collision simulations have been performed using either incremental or single trauma. In single trauma, a single impact is performed, while in incremental trauma, a series of impacts of increasing severity are executed. Equivalency of incremental and single trauma for soft tissue injury severity due to the final impact has not been established. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether incremental and single trauma produced similar cervical spine subfailure injury severity due to simulated frontal impacts. METHODS: Porcine cervical spine specimens (C2-T1) of the incremental trauma group were subjected to five frontal impacts (2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, 8 g), while single trauma specimens were subjected to a single impact (8 g). Flexibility tests were performed on specimens while intact and following each impact. Intact and post 8 g flexibility parameters were compared within incremental and single trauma groups and between groups. FINDINGS: No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between incremental and single trauma groups when either intact or post 8 g flexibility parameters were compared. Significant increases in flexibility parameters from intact to post 8 g were observed in both groups, indicating soft tissue injury. INTERPRETATION: Incremental and single trauma produced equivalent subfailure cervical spine injury in simulated impacts, for the experimental conditions studied. This study may facilitate greater use of the incremental trauma protocol in future experimental designs.
Authors: Paul C Ivancic; Manohar M Panjabi; Yasuhiro Tominaga; Adam M Pearson; S Elena Gimenez; Travis G Maak Journal: Eur Spine J Date: 2005-10-12 Impact factor: 3.134
Authors: S Ito; P C Ivancic; A M Pearson; Y Tominaga; S E Gimenez; W Rubin; Manohar M Panjabi Journal: Eur Spine J Date: 2004-09-30 Impact factor: 3.134
Authors: Yasuhiro Tominaga; Anthony B Ndu; Marcus P Coe; Arnold J Valenson; Paul C Ivancic; Shigeki Ito; Wolfgang Rubin; Manohar M Panjabi Journal: BMC Musculoskelet Disord Date: 2006-12-21 Impact factor: 2.362