[Piercing and tattoos in patients with congenital heart disease -- is it a problem?].

Piercing and tattooing enjoy widespread popularity in modern society. Patients with congenital heart disease are at elevated risk for infective endocarditis. However, it is not yet known whether piercing and tattooing are dangerous for these patients.A search of the literature provided 10 published cases of infective endocarditis after piercing or tattooing. Affected patients were adolescents or young adults ranging in age from 13 to 30 years (5 male, 5 female). Four of the patients had a known cardiac risk factor for endocarditis (bicuspid aortic valve, postoperative trans-position of the great arteries, postoperative coarctation, postoperative aortic valve stenosis). Piercing preceded endocarditis in 9 cases (4 times mouth, 2 ear, 1 nose, 1 breast, 1 navel), one tattoo. The following agents were isolated: S. aureus in 4 cases, 2 S. epidermidis, 1 Str. viridans, 1 Neisseria mucosa, 1 Haemophilus aphrophilus, 1 Haemophilus parainfluenzae. All patients were treated with antibiotics. Six patients underwent cardiac surgery (5 of them valve replacement). Patients with congenital heart disease constitute less than 1% of the population. Thus, they are clearly overrepresented in the published literature. Epidemiologic conclusions are not possible from these data. However, patients with congenital heart disease and their parents should be strongly advised against piercing and tattooing with regard to the risk of infective endocarditis.