Anthrax.

Anthrax is an often fatal bacterial infection that occurs when Bacillus anthracis endospores enter the body through one of three major routes: inhalational, cutaneous, or gastrointestinal. Before the anthrax terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001, there was very little interest in anthrax as a serious human pathogen; anthrax was viewed mainly as a veterinarian problem of minor importance, with most cases attributed to occupational exposure. However, this cavalier attitude toward anthrax changed following the 2001 terrorist attacks. Although the number of cases was relatively small, the attacks have heightened concern about the feasibility of large-scale aerosol bioweapons attacks by terrorist groups. Many, if not most patients, would require some degree of critical care in the form of ventilator or hemodynamic support. It is for this reason that anesthesiologists and other critical care physicians have specific knowledge of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of anthrax.