OBJECT: Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier remains a significant challenge. Based on earlier findings, the authors hypothesized that parasympathetic innervation of the brain vasculature could be used to augment drug delivery to the brain. METHODS: Using a craniotomy-cerebrospinal fluid superfusate paradigm in rats with an intravenous injection of tracer the authors demonstrated that stimulation of the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) increased the concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (4-250 kD) in the superfusate by two- to sixfold. A histological examination indicated the presence of dextran in the parenchyma. In another experiment the amount of Evans blue dye in the brain following SPG activation was similarly significantly elevated. The chemotherapeutic agents anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody and etoposide were also delivered to the brain and reached therapeutic concentrations. Brain homeostasis was not disturbed by this procedure; a measurement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduction did not show a decrease in the tissue metabolic state and brain water content did not increase significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Sphenopalatine ganglion activation demonstrates a promising potential for clinical use in the delivery of small and large molecules to the brain.
OBJECT: Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier remains a significant challenge. Based on earlier findings, the authors hypothesized that parasympathetic innervation of the brain vasculature could be used to augment drug delivery to the brain. METHODS: Using a craniotomy-cerebrospinal fluid superfusate paradigm in rats with an intravenous injection of tracer the authors demonstrated that stimulation of the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) increased the concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (4-250 kD) in the superfusate by two- to sixfold. A histological examination indicated the presence of dextran in the parenchyma. In another experiment the amount of Evans blue dye in the brain following SPG activation was similarly significantly elevated. The chemotherapeutic agents anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody and etoposide were also delivered to the brain and reached therapeutic concentrations. Brain homeostasis was not disturbed by this procedure; a measurement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduction did not show a decrease in the tissue metabolic state and brain water content did not increase significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Sphenopalatine ganglion activation demonstrates a promising potential for clinical use in the delivery of small and large molecules to the brain.
Authors: Lucy Sanchez-Covarrubias; Lauren M Slosky; Brandon J Thompson; Thomas P Davis; Patrick T Ronaldson Journal: Curr Pharm Des Date: 2014 Impact factor: 3.116
Authors: Christopher R Campos; Scott M Ocheltree; Sharon Hom; Richard D Egleton; Thomas P Davis Journal: Brain Res Date: 2008-05-17 Impact factor: 3.252