Stem cell transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a heterogeneous, multisystem disease responsive to treatment with corticosteroids and immune suppressives. Many patients fail to achieve treatment-free remissions, and their long-term outcomes remain poor owing to the development of vital organ failure, cumulative drug toxicity and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and malignancy. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers the potential to improve long-term outcome in those with a poor prognosis. Preliminary phase II and registry studies have usually employed non-myeloablative conditioning with positive CD34 cell selection. They have highlighted the potential efficacy and dangers of HSCT. Patient selection is important but complex, and the influence of HSCT on long-term outcome is unknown. Disease relapse occurs in up to one-third of patients after HSCT, but the consequences of relapse and the role of remission-maintenance strategies are unknown. With the availability of other alternative therapies in refractory disease, there needs to be a clear demonstration of the benefits of HSCT from current randomized trials.