Concerns on clinical application of composite tissue allotransplantation.

Composite tissue allograft has become a clinical reality: hands, vascularized femoral diaphyses, abdominal walls, a larynx have all been transplanted throughout the world. Conventional immunosuppressive protocol has shown to be sufficient and effective. Rejection has been prevented in most cases and when it did occur it was successfully reversed. Skin has been confirmed as the principal target of acute and chronic rejection. There has been no mortality or early graft losses and, particularly in hand transplantation, the survival graft rate is 91% with a follow-up period ranging from 6 months to 61 months. The side effects of immunosuppression are limited and include primarily transient hyperglycemia, an increase in creatinine values and some opportunistic infections (i.e. cytomegalovirus infection). Nerve regeneration and cortical reorganization have been demonstrated in hand transplantation. Functional results have been encouraging particularly for hand and larynx transplantation. Appropriate indications and patient selection, based particularly on patient motivation and compliance, are essential requirements for composite tissue allograft success.