Standing sedation and pain management for ophthalmic patients.

Several ocular procedures, including examination, removal of corneal foreign bodies, nictitans surgery, eyelid repair, and tumor excision,can be successfully performed in the appropriately restrained and sedated standing horse. Sedation is best achieved with xylazine,with or without the addition of acepromazine. Additional analgesia can be provided with appropriate local anesthetic blocks. Surgical conditions are greatly improved by using an auriculopalpebral and supraorbital block and topical anesthetics. More elaborate standing sedation involving continuous rate infusions of lidocaine or detomidine combined with butorphanol may facilitate more involved surgery with appropriate support staff and equipment in animals that are at high risk for general anesthesia or when the latter is not an option. Short-term or long-term analgesia is most commonly provided with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but several newer techniques, including lidocaine and butorphanol infusions, may be effective. Topical treatment with opioids to provide analgesia and opioid antagonists to enhance corneal healing is an exciting new development that may revolutionize our approach to corneal ulcer therapy in the future if current research findings are supportive.