Heparin-binding peptides from the type I repeats of thrombospondin. Structural requirements for heparin binding and promotion of melanoma cell adhesion and chemotaxis.

Synthetic peptides derived from the type I repeats of human platelet thrombospondin containing a consensus sequence Trp-Ser-Xaa-Trp bind to heparin, promote cell adhesion, and inhibit heparin-dependent interactions of melanoma cells with extracellular matrix components (Guo, N. H., Krutzsch, H. C., Nègre, E., Vogel, T., Blake, D. A., and Roberts, D. D. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 3040-3044). In the present study, we further examined the structural requirements for activity of these peptides. The minimal active sequence for heparin or sulfatide binding based on inhibition studies is Trp-Ser-Pro-Trp, although an octapeptide is required for optimal activity. The 2 Trp residues and the Ser residue are essential. Peptides with more than 2 residues between the Trp residues are inactive. The Pro residue is essential for activity of the pentapeptide Trp-Ser-Pro-Trp-Ser, but some larger peptides with substitutions for the Pro residue are active. For direct high affinity binding to heparin, both the consensus sequence and a flanking sequence of basic amino acids are essential. Peptides containing the consensus sequence promote cell adhesion and act cooperatively with the adjacent basic amino acid sequence to promote cell spreading. Chemical modification of the Trp residues in the peptides with amino-terminal basic amino acids abolished both cell adhesion and heparin-binding. Peptides containing the consensus sequence and basic amino acids are chemotactic for A2058 human melanoma cells. The functional importance of this novel heparin and sulfatide-binding motif is suggested by its conservation in other members of the thrombospondin gene family, complement components, and in many members of the cytokine receptor and transforming growth factor beta superfamilies.