Nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of the beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA-3-encoded p25 protein.

The protein p25 encoded by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) RNA-3 is involved in symptom expression of infected plants. Confocal microscopy analysis of wild-type and mutated p25 fused to GFP and transiently expressed in BY-2 tobacco suspension cells identified a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the N-terminal part of the protein. Functionality of the NLS was confirmed by pull-down assays using rice and pepper importin-alpha. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that p25 contains a nuclear export sequence sensitive to leptomycin B. The nuclear export signal (NES) was characterized by mutagenesis. A GFP-p25 fusion protein expressed during a BNYVV infection of Chenopodium quinoa leaves had the same subcellular localization as observed during transient expression in BY-2 cells. The symptom phenotype induced by expression of GFP-p25 during infection was similar to that induced by wild-type virus. Studies with mutated derivatives of GFP-p25 revealed that symptom phenotype was altered when the subcellular localization of GFP-p25 was modified.