Protein and peptide parenteral controlled delivery.

Protein and peptide delivery has been a challenge due to their limited stability during preparation of formulation, storage and in vitro and in vivo release. These biopolymers have traditionally been administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous routes. Recent efforts have been made to develop formulations for non-invasive routes of administration, including oral, intranasal, transdermal and transmucosal delivery. Despite these efforts, invasive delivery remains the main method of administering peptide and protein drugs. This review focuses on recent developments in injectable, polymeric controlled-release formulations, with an emphasis on hydrogels and particulate systems.