HIV/AIDS epidemics in Vietnam: evolution and responses.

The goal of this study was to describe the evolution of the HIV epidemic in Vietnam and its responses. Surveillance was conducted in 8 provinces in 1994, expanded to 12 in 1995, 20 in 1996, and 30 in 2001. Sentinel populations were sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients, female sex workers (FSWs), injection drug users (IDUs), tuberculosis (TB) patients, antenatal women, and military conscripts. Vietnam is in the concentrated epidemic stage. HIV prevalence had increased significantly in all surveillance population groups in the 1990s. HIV prevalence in the south is higher than in other regions of the country. The national HIV prevalence increased from 10.1% in 1996 to 32% in 2002 among IDUs, from 0.6% in 1994 to 6.6% in 2002 among FSWs, from 0.4% in 1994 to 2.4% in 2002 among STD patients, from 0.03% in 1994 to 0.34% in 2002 among pregnant women, from 0% in 1994 to 0.7% in 2002 among army military recruits, and from 0.5% in 1994 to 3.6% in 2002 among TB patients. The government has a strong commitment to control the epidemic and has implemented many activities for HIV prevention and control. Vietnam's HIV epidemic is predominantly among IDUs. Current intervention activities have not been sufficient to reduce HIV transmission. Vietnam needs to strengthen responses by scaling up the best practices in the most affected population groups by implementing internationally recognised effective interventions appropriately.