Models of cell signaling pathways.

Cellular signaling circuits handle an enormous range of computations. Beyond the housekeeping, replicating and other functions of individual cells, signaling circuits must implement the immensely complex logic of development and function of multicellular organisms. Computer models are useful tools to understand this complexity. Recent studies have extended such models to include electrical, mechanical and spatial details of signaling, and to address the stochastic effects that arise when small numbers of molecules interact. Increasing numbers of models have been developed in close conjunction with experiments, and this interplay gives a deeper and more reliable insight into signaling function. Copyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd.