Kluyveromyces lactis killer system: ORF1 of pGKL2 has no function in immunity expression and is dispensable for killer plasmid replication and maintenance.

To functionally characterize the genes encoded by the larger killer plasmid pGKL2 from Kluyveromyces lactis a previously developed in-vivo recombination system was exploited. An in-vitro modified version of the cytoplasmically expressible LEU2 gene cartridge (LEU2*) flanked by appropriate pGKL2 segments was used to replace the central part of the ORF1 region of pGKL2. Transformation of a Leu- killer strain resulted in the expected disruption of ORF1 in the resident pGKL2. The Leu+ transformants obtained can be assigned to three classes. Class I carries both killer plasmids, pGKL1/2, and the recombinant pGKL2 derivative termed pRKL2. Class II and III additionally harbor palindrome and hairpin-like plasmids, respectively. Upon subculturing of class I transformants under selective pressure, segregation of the native pGKL2 and the recombinant pRKL2 eventually occurs resulting in total loss of pGKL2. No differences concerning killer and immunity phenotype between a pRKL2-harboring strain and the native pGKL2-carrying recipient could be detected. Thus pGKL2 ORF1 is dispensable for both expression of killer/immunity phenotypes and for the replication and maintenance of the K. lactis killer plasmids.