Regional variation and clinical indicators of antipsychotic use in residential treatment: a four-state comparison.

The last decade saw an increase in psychotropic use with pediatric populations. Antipsychotic prescriptions are used frequently in residential treatment settings, with many youth receiving antipsychotics for off-label indications. Residential treatment data from 4 states were examined to determine if regional variation exists in off-label prescription and what clinicalfactors predict use. The study used clinical and pharmacological data collected via retrospective chart reviews (N = 732). The Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths Assessment-Mental Health Version was used to measure symptom and risk severity. Of youth receiving antipsychotics, 42.9% had no history of or current psychosis. Statistical analyses resulted in significant regional variation in use across states and yielded attention deficit/impulsivity, physical aggression, elopement, sexually abusive behavior, and criminal behavior as factors associated with antipsychotic prescription in nonpsychotic youth. Antipsychotic prescription is inconsistent across states. Off-label prescription is frequent and likelihood of use increases with behavior problems.