Recent advances in bladder cancer diagnostics.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The diagnosis of bladder cancer is based on the information provided by cystoscopy, the gold standard, in combination with urinary cytology findings. Many tumor markers have been evaluated for detecting and monitoring of the disease in serum, bladder washes, and urinary specimens. However, none of these biomarkers reported to date has shown sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the detection of the whole spectrum of bladder cancer diseases in routine clinical practice. The advent of high-throughput microarrays is accelerating the identification process of the molecular events characteristic of bladder tumors' phenotype and subsequent clinical behavior. The information provided by these analyses is resulting not only in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for bladder cancer, but also in the development of diagnostic tools. This review summarizes the reports utilizing high-throughput microarrays in bladder cancer and the implications of these analyses in the diagnosis and clinical management of patients with bladder cancer.