Plaque fissure: the link between atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

The immediate cause of arterial, predominantly coronary thrombosis is almost always cracking or fissuring of the cap of an atheromatous plaque. This exposes collagen and lipids to the flowing blood and thereby initiates thrombotic platelet aggregation, almost immediately followed by coagulation. The thrombi tend to extend into the arterial lumen, causing obstruction to blood flow and clinical symptoms and signs. Evidence for this sequence of events comes, inter alia, from angiograms of patients with unstable angina and developing myocardial infarction. Direct angioscopy in life is also visualising mural thrombi over fissured plaques in atheromatous coronary arteries. We are investigating the initial development of atheromatous plaques liable to fissuring. The cap over such plaques covers a "lipid pool". We have discovered that one factor promoting the uptake of lipid, in the form of plasma low-density lipoprotein, is the concentration of circulating catecholamines (Cardona-Sanclemente LE, Gorog P, Born GVR (1992) J Physiol London, in press). We are also investigating the immediate cause(s) of plaque fissure. We have evidence for a complex interaction of different determinants, including the concentration of macrophages, presumably as foam cells, in the plaque caps (Lendon CL, Davies MJ, Born BVR, Richardson PD (1991) Atherosclerosis 87: 87).