Response element binding proteins and intracellular vitamin D binding proteins: novel regulators of vitamin D trafficking, action and metabolism.

Using vitamin D-resistant New World primates as model of natural diversity for sterol/steroid action and metabolism, two families of novel intracellular vitamin D regulatory proteins have been discovered and their human homologs elucidated. The first family of proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), initially considered to function only as pre-mRNA-interacting proteins, have been demonstrated to be potent cis-acting, trans-dominant regulators of vitamin D hormone-driven gene transactivation. The second group of proteins bind 25-hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites. Their overexpression increases vitamin D receptor (VDR)-directed target gene expression. We found that these intracellular vitamin D binding proteins (IDBPs) are homologous to proteins in the heat shock protein-70 family. Our ongoing studies indicate directly or indirectly through a series of protein interactions that the IDBPs interact with hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites and facilitate their intracellular targeting.