The principles of effective case management of mental health services.

This paper identifies ten principles or active ingredients of case management that are common to interventions that produced statistically significant positive outcomes for people with serious psychiatric disabilities. Twenty-two studies employing experimental or quasi-experimental designs were selected for inclusion in this review. The use of the principles for systems design is briefly discussed. The term case management is used throughout this article because it is the term that is used in the studies reviewed. We acknowledge that this term is considered pejorative to many people with psychiatric disabilities. People with psychiatric disabilities are not "cases" and they do not need to be "managed." A more accurate reflection of what this service entails is that it is the services or resources that are managed in order to help people reach their goals. Until a more appropriate title becomes globally recognized, the term should be used with sensitivity to the negative connotations it carries.