Effects of alcoholic solvents on antiradical abilities of protocatechuic acid and its alkyl esters.

DPPH radical scavenging reactions of protocatechuic acid and its methyl ester were investigated in various solvents. In alcoholic solvents, methyl protocatechuate rapidly scavenged more than four equivalents of the radical, whereas approximately two equivalents were consumed in aprotic solvents. Methyl, ethyl, butyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl protocatechuates were examined for their DPPH radical scavenging abilities in methanol or ethanol. As a result, the radical scavenging equivalence of sterically bulky esters tended to decrease compared to that of methyl or ethyl ester. The ABTS radical scavenging ability of those esters in water also showed the same tendency. Since 2-methoxy derivatives were detected in the reaction mixture of methyl protocatechuate and DPPH radical in methanol, a nucleophilic attack of an alcoholic molecule on the o-quinone intermediate, which is sensitive to steric hindrance from alkyl groups of both esters and alcoholic solvents, must be crucial for total radical scavenging abilities.