OBJECTIVE: Ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs) occur frequently in patients having long QT syndrome (LQTS) or after acute myocardial ischemia. However, the synergistic effects of ischemia and LQTS on arrhythmia development are unclear. We evaluated the contribution of a prior episode of ischemia on the arrhythmogenicity of the LQTS. METHODS: Using a 256-channel optical mapping system, we mapped action potentials on the cut-exposed transmural surfaces of perfused and preconditioned muscle wedges isolated from canine left ventricular walls and recorded their transmural electrocardiogram (ECG). RESULTS: We observed that 40 min of global ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion, at which time action potential duration (APD) and conduction velocity had recovered, significantly enhanced the APD prolongation produced by 20 nmol/l anemone toxin II (ATX-II). Wedges after the above ischemia, reperfusion, and ATX-II procedures had 100% (8/8) occurrences of early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and 87.5% (7/8) occurrences of spontaneous VTs and reentry. We observed epicardial, midmyocardial, and endocardial occurrences of EADs in one, seven, and four wedges, respectively. Focal EADs and reentry were responsible for 73% and 18% of the repetitive activations in the VTs. In contrast, neither EADs nor VTs occurred in eight control wedges following identical procedures except without ischemia, and VT occurred in 20% wedges (2/10) after ischemia and reperfusion but before ATX-II. CONCLUSION: A prior episode of acute ischemia, even after apparent electrophysiologic recovery, enhances the arrhythmogenicity of LQTS induced by ATX-II through the development of EADs and reentry.
OBJECTIVE:Ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs) occur frequently in patients having long QT syndrome (LQTS) or after acute myocardial ischemia. However, the synergistic effects of ischemia and LQTS on arrhythmia development are unclear. We evaluated the contribution of a prior episode of ischemia on the arrhythmogenicity of the LQTS. METHODS: Using a 256-channel optical mapping system, we mapped action potentials on the cut-exposed transmural surfaces of perfused and preconditioned muscle wedges isolated from canine left ventricular walls and recorded their transmural electrocardiogram (ECG). RESULTS: We observed that 40 min of global ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion, at which time action potential duration (APD) and conduction velocity had recovered, significantly enhanced the APD prolongation produced by 20 nmol/l anemone toxin II (ATX-II). Wedges after the above ischemia, reperfusion, and ATX-II procedures had 100% (8/8) occurrences of early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and 87.5% (7/8) occurrences of spontaneous VTs and reentry. We observed epicardial, midmyocardial, and endocardial occurrences of EADs in one, seven, and four wedges, respectively. Focal EADs and reentry were responsible for 73% and 18% of the repetitive activations in the VTs. In contrast, neither EADs nor VTs occurred in eight control wedges following identical procedures except without ischemia, and VT occurred in 20% wedges (2/10) after ischemia and reperfusion but before ATX-II. CONCLUSION: A prior episode of acute ischemia, even after apparent electrophysiologic recovery, enhances the arrhythmogenicity of LQTS induced by ATX-II through the development of EADs and reentry.
Authors: Peter J Schwartz; Michael J Ackerman; Charles Antzelevitch; Connie R Bezzina; Martin Borggrefe; Bettina F Cuneo; Arthur A M Wilde Journal: Nat Rev Dis Primers Date: 2020-07-16 Impact factor: 52.329