Assessing biomarker use in risk assessment--a survey of practitioners.

Advances in molecular epidemiology and mechanistic toxicology have provided increased opportunities for incorporating biomarkers in the human health risk assessment process. For years, the published literature has lauded the concept of incorporating biomarkers into risk assessments as a means to reduce uncertainty in estimating health risk. For all the potential benefits, one would think that markers of effective dose, markers of early biological effects, and markers of human susceptibility are frequently selected as the basis for quantitative human health risk assessments. For this article, we sought to determine the degree to which this evolution in risk assessment has come to pass. The extent to which biomarkers are being used in current human health risk assessment was determined through an informal survey of leading risk assessment practitioners. Case studies highlighting the evolution of risk assessment methods to include biomarkers are also described. The goal of this review was to enhance the implementation of biomarker technology in risk assessment by (1) highlighting successes in biomarker implementation, (2) identifying key barriers to overcome, and (3) describing evolutions in risk assessment methods.