Neighbourhood recent immigration and hospitalization in Toronto, Canada.

Recent immigrants to Canada tend to initially settle in low-income urban core areas. The relationships among immigration, neighbourhood effects and health are poorly understood. This study explored the risk of hospitalization in high recent-immigration areas in Toronto compared to other Toronto neighbourhoods. The study used 1996 hospitalization and census data. Regression was used to examine the effects of recent immigration on neighbourhood hospitalization rates. Most hospitalization categories showed significantly higher rates of admission as the proportion of recent immigrants increased. Income was also significantly associated with all categories of hospitalization except surgical admissions. Average household income was almost 60% lower (dollar 36,122) in the highest versus the lowest immigration areas (dollar 82,641) suggesting that, at the neighbourhood level, the effects of immigration and income may be difficult to disentangle. These findings have important implications for health care planning, delivery, and policy.