Post-remission therapy of acute myelocytic leukemia in adults: curability breeds controversy.

The curability of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) in adults relies upon two treatment strategies. The first is induction therapy to effectively reduce the patient's leukemia burden and allow for recovery of normal hematopoiesis. Once this is achieved and the patient enters a complete remission, further potentially curative post-remission therapy can be administered. Induction therapy has not changed significantly over the past two decades, relying primarily on conventional-dose cytarabine and an anthracycline combination. Post-remission therapy, on the other hand, has changed with the introduction of more intensive and aggressive cytoreductive treatment as well as utilization of myeloablative regimens followed by either allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The scope of this review is to evaluate the different curative post-remission treatment approaches for adult patients with AML. Discussions will focus on younger patients (less than 65 years) with responsive disease who enter a complete remission and then have post-remission therapy options available to them. Often, decisions concerning post-remission therapies are based solely on age and the availability of compatible donors; however, since understanding of the biology of leukemia has expanded and treatment strategies have improved, our ability to recommend particular treatment approaches has also evolved. We are now in a position to recommend therapeutic options based on disease and host characteristics.