Three-dimensional head angular velocity detection from otolith afferent signals.

Afferent signals from the otolith organs can produce compensatory eye position and velocity signals which has been described as linear vestibulo-ocular reflex (LVOR). The afferent otolith signals carry information about head orientation and changes of head orientation relative to gravity. A head orientation (tilt) related position signal can be obtained from population vector coding of tonic otolith afferent signals during static or dynamic head tilts, which in turn could produce compensatory eye position signals in the LVOR. On the other hand, eye angular velocity signals may be extracted, as proposed in this study, from the population response of tilt-velocity sensitive otolith afferents. Such afferents are shown to encode instantaneous head orientation relative to gravity at onset of a head movement and, as the movement continues, the projection of head angular velocity onto the earth-horizontal plane, indicating the instantaneous direction of movement relative to gravity. Angular velocity components along the earth-vertical direction which are not directly encoded by otolith afferents can be detected by central signal processing. Central reconstruction of 3D head angular velocity allows to obtain information about absolute head orientation in space even in the absence of semi-circular canal related information. Such information is important for generating compensatory eye movements as well as for dynamic control of posture.