Time-course variations of oxyradical metabolism, DNA integrity and lysosomal stability in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, during a field translocation experiment.

Harbours can be considered as model environments for developing and validating field monitoring procedures and to investigate mechanistic relationships between different biological responses. In this study, several biomarkers were investigated in marine mussels caged for 4 weeks into an industrialised harbour of north-west Italy. Organisms were collected at different time intervals to better characterise the sensitivity, temporal variations and interactions of analysed responses. Besides single antioxidants (catalase, glutathione S-transferases, glutathione reductase, total glutathione), the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay was used to analyse the capability of the whole antioxidant system to neutralise specific forms of radicals: these data were further integrated by measurement of DNA integrity, oxidised bases and the impairment of lysosomal membrane stability in haemocytes. Results showed a biphasic trend for single antioxidants and TOSC, with no variation or increase during the first 2 weeks of exposure to the polluted site followed by a progressive decrease up to a severe depletion in the final part of the experiment. These findings suggest an initial counteractive response of mussels toward the enhanced prooxidant challenge, while antioxidants appeared overwhelmed at longer exposure periods. The hypothesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated toxicity is supported by the appearance of cell damages (DNA integrity and lysosome membrane stability), which exhibited a progressive enhancement during the course of the experiment with a maximum impairment after 30 days of exposure.