Therapist affirmation and the process and outcome of psychotherapy: two sequential analytic studies.

Therapist affirmation was examined in two studies, the first with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT, N = 22) and the second with time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP, N = 20). Affirmation was identified using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB), and sequential analysis used to gauge its impact on therapy process and outcome. It was hypothesized that affirmation would correspond with patients' continuation of the current topic of conversation, but relate negatively to outcome if generally offered after maladaptive statements. Patients in Study 1 (CBT) were more likely to continue a topic after it was affirmed, and affirmation of maladaptive statements reliably differentiated patients who evidenced clinically significant change from those who did not at termination and at 12-months posttreatment. Affirmation of maladaptive statements in Study 2 (TLDP) corresponded with poorer outcome in relationships with significant others, but unexpectedly with improvements in self-concept. Copyright 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.