Effects of neonatal handling on the behavior and prolactin stress response in male and female rats at various ages and estrous cycle phases of females.

Neonatal handling induces behavioral and hormonal changes, characterized by reduced fear in novel environments, and lesser elevation and faster return to basal levels of plasma corticosterone, prolactin and adrenaline, in response to stressors in adulthood. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of neonatal handling from Days 1 to 10 postnatal on prolactin response to ether stress in male and female rats at three life periods: neonatal, peripubertal and adulthood. Moreover, adult females were tested in two different phases of the estrous cycle, i.e., diestrus and estrus. In another set of experiments, the behavior of peripubertal and adult males and females in estrus and diestrus was analyzed in the elevated plus maze test. Pups were either handled for 1 min (handled group) or left undisturbed (nonhandled group) during the first 10 days after delivery. In adults, in the handled females in diestrus, stress induced a lesser increase in plasma prolactin compared with nonhandled ones, as in males. However, in estrus, handled females showed no difference in the prolactin response to stress. In the elevated plus maze, handled females in diestrus, but not in estrus, showed higher locomotor activity compared with nonhandled ones. Peripubertal male and female rats handled during the neonatal period showed no difference in behavior in the elevated plus maze compared with nonhandled animals. Early-life stimulation can induce long-lasting behavioral and stress-related hormonal changes, but they are not stable throughout life and phases of the estrous cycle.