A history of medical genetics in pediatrics.

Medical genetics emerged from a basic science only one half century ago. Scientists and physicians housed in a variety of basic science and clinical departments have accomplished many of the major advances in the study of genetic diseases in children. A scientific approach to human genetics emerged in 1948 with the establishment of the American Society of Human Genetics. Even before the use of modern laboratory techniques, Pediatric departments spearheaded the clinical description of simple genetic disorders, syndromes, and major malformations. The burgeoning of medical genetics as a specialty and its tremendous growth in departments of pediatrics was stimulated by major technological advances, such as the ability to visualize human chromosomes, the development of methods to study biochemical variations in blood and urine, cell culture, somatic cell hybridization, and molecular technology, all of which allowed for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of genetic disorders in children. Many pediatricians sought training in genetics, and training programs in medical genetics flourished in departments of pediatrics. The explosion of knowledge concerning the metabolic and molecular causes of genetic disease and understanding of their pathogenesis has led to a variety of specific diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic approaches for alleviating the symptoms or preventing the complications of many of these disorders. Medical genetics is now recognized as a distinct medical specialty with its own American Board of Medical Specialties approved board (American Board of Medical Genetics) and clinical specialty college (American College of Medical Genetics).