Busy with pain: disorganization in subjective time in experimental pain.

The cold pressor test was used to investigate perception of time and change of mood in subjects experiencing pain. Using a within-group design, 15 subjects were tested in a pain vs no-pain condition. Subjects were requested to fill in the mood adjective checklist (MACL) concerning the mood factors of activity, calmness and pleasantness, and were interviewed about their perceptions before and immediately after each condition. The results indicated that subjects in the pain condition estimated retrospective time passage as significantly shorter, indicating a disorganization of temporal orientation (the relative dominance of past, present and future in a person's thought). In addition, results indicated that many of the subjects in the pain condition, although underestimating time, experienced time as long-lasting. The main finding concerning mood was that the activity level was increased, and calmness and pleasantness were significantly reduced in the pain condition. The main conclusion is that pain per se changes the perception of duration of time intervals and temporal orientation within the same individual.