Dendritic cells exposed to herpes simplex virus in vivo do not produce IFN-alpha after rechallenge with virus in vitro and exhibit decreased T cell alloreactivity.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) are known to produce large amounts of IFN-alpha when stimulated with virus in vivo and in vitro. Immunohistological staining of spleens from mice taken at different times after HSV infection revealed an early infiltration of plasmacytoid DC whereas both the myeloid DC and lymphoid-related DC had different kinetics. Upon rechallenge with virus in vitro, total splenic DCs from viral-infected mice were unable to produce IFN-alpha when compared with DC from mice that received an initial in vivo injection with PBS. Furthermore, DC from mice that were infected with increasing doses of HSV expressed high levels of accessory and activation molecules compared with control mice. However, when cultured in vitro together with allogeneic T cells, DC from mice that had been exposed to the highest viral titers in vivo induced the lowest levels of T cell proliferation. DC exposed to PBS in vivo promoted a Th1 response upon coculture with CD4(+) T cells whereas T cells cultured with DC exposed to increasing viral titers in vivo resulted in a gradually decreased Th1 response. The data suggest HSV induces DC maturation and at higher titers, exhaustion, diminishing T cell proliferation, and IFN-gamma secretion.