Polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Bone tissue engineering is a rapidly developing area. Engineering bone typically uses an artificial extracellular matrix (scaffold), osteoblasts or cells that can become osteoblasts, and regulating factors that promote cell attachment, differentiation, and mineralized bone formation. Among them, highly porous scaffolds play a critical role in cell seeding, proliferation, and new 3D-tissue formation. A variety of biodegradable polymer materials and scaffolding fabrication techniques for bone tissue engineering have been investigated over the past decade. This article reviews the polymer materials, scaffold design, and fabrication methods for bone tissue engineering. Advantages and limitations of these materials and methods are analyzed. Various architectural parameters of scaffolds important for bone tissue engineering (e.g. porosity, pore size, interconnectivity, and pore-wall microstructures) are discussed. Surface modification of scaffolds is also discussed based on the significant effect of surface chemistry on cells adhesion and function.