Ammonia effects on microinvertebrates and fish in outdoor experimental streams.

Laboratory data on ammonia effects, the US EPA national water quality criteria for ammonia, and ammonia site-specific criteria were evaluated in four outdoor experimental streams (one control and three treatment streams) over a 76-week period. Calculated un-ionised ammonia concentrations varied daily and seasonally according to pH and temperature changes. Populations of four major microinvertebrate taxonomic groups (cladocerans, copepods, rotifers and protozoans) were monitored during a 4-week period early in the study, and six fish species (fathead minnows, bluegills, channel catfish, white suckers, walleyes, and rainbow trout) were tested for various time intervals, from 4 to 26 weeks, throughout the 76-week study period. Copepods and rotifers were unaffected in all three treatment streams, based on comparisons with the control stream. Cladoceran and protozoan populations were reduced in at least two treatment streams, but because of large variability, effects were considered to be inconclusive. However, complete mortality of cladocerans did occur in the high and medium treatments when placed in in situ biomonitor chambers. All six fish species were affected in one or more treatments. Generally, the fish effect values agreed with most laboratory effect values. Of 12 fish groups tested, one channel catfish group and one white sucker group were affected below the recommended protection levels of the national and site-specific criteria. The lowest effect concentrations tested for the other ten groups occurred above the criteria levels.