Controlled release of Bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotoxin (BBD) vaccine from BBD-loaded chitosan microspheres in vitro.

Chitosan microspheres were prepared by ionic gelation process with sodium sulfate for nasal vaccine delivery. Bordetella Bronchiseptica Dermonecrotoxin (BBD) as a major virulence factor of a causative agent of atrophic rhinitis (AR) was loaded to the chitosan microspheres for vaccination. Morphology of BBD-loaded chitosan microspheres was observed as spherical shapes. The average particle sizes of the BBD-loaded chitosan microspheres were about 2.69 microm. More BBD was released with an increase of molecular weight of chitosan and with an increase of medium pH in vitro due to weaker intermolecular interaction between chitosan and BBD. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and nitric oxide (NO) from RAW264.7 cells stimulated with BBD-loaded chitosan microspheres were gradually secreted, suggesting that released BBD from chitosan microspheres had immune stimulating activity of AR vaccine.