Application of inducible and targeted gene strategies to produce transgenic fish: a review.

Compared to mammals, fishes offer easier transgenic technology because each female produces hundreds of eggs, the manipulated embryos do not need to be incubated inside the mother, and the probability of their harboring human-related pathogens is lower. In the last 15 years, traditional methods using injections of fertilized fish eggs and strong viral promoters have resulted in the generation of many transgenic fish species; however, they showed random genome integration with some mosaicism and episomic expression. The use of inducible gene systems that control temporal and tissue expression and of gene-targeting methodologies based on homologous recombination is desirable to control the expression, efficiency of insertion, and locus of incorporation of transgenes into fish genomes. A variety of systems developed for mammals are now available to be tested in fishes. The use of such systems would require further development of stem cell or nuclear transplant technologies in fish. Most of that work remains to be explored.