Type I interferon and TNFalpha cooperate with type II interferon for TRAIL induction and triggering of apoptosis in SK-N-MC EWING tumor cells.

Ewing's sarcoma is the second most common human bone tumor in childhood. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of the Ewing tumor cell line, SK-N-MC, to the apoptotic effect of type I (IFNalpha) and type II (IFNgamma) interferons and TNFalpha. We demonstrate that although IFNalpha and TNFalpha alone are unable to induce cell death, they act in synergy with IFNgamma to induce SK-N-MC cell apoptosis. The synergistic induction of apoptosis correlated with the synergistic induction of TNFalpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mRNA and TRAIL protein synthesis as well as of TRAIL secretion. Preparations of inducer-free supernatants from SK-N-MC cells stimulated with combinations of cytokines were shown to be cytotoxic for untreated SK-N-MC cells. This cytotoxicity was partially inhibited by addition of TRAILR2/Fc fusion protein, indicating that the secreted TRAIL mediates, at least in part, the apoptotic effect displayed by the supernatants of stimulated SK-N-MC cells. We have shown that the presence of IFNgamma is required to allow the sustained expression of IRF1 in SK-N-MC cells stimulated by addition of IFNalpha or TNFalpha suggesting that IRF1 plays a role in the synergistic induction of apoptosis by combinations of cytokines. Furthermore, we have shown that inhibition of NF-kappaB activation contributes to the IFNgamma-mediated sensitization to the apoptotic effect of TNFalpha. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that interferon/cytokine combinations are able to induce TRAIL gene expression and TRAIL protein synthesis and secretion in Ewing sarcoma-derived cells. We believe that the observations reported here might contribute to the development of alternative new approaches to the treatment of Ewing tumors resistant to conventional therapy. Copyright 2004 Nature Publishing Group