Genetic engineering in the mouse: tuning TNF/TNFR expression.

With the exponential increase in the number of genes identified by various genome projects, it has become imperative that efficient methods be developed for deciphering gene function. Genetically engineered strains of mice are now critical research tools for basic biomedical research and for genomic approaches for the development of new therapeutic treatments for human disease. Over the past ten years it has become possible to make essentially any mutation in the mouse by transgenesis and homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Current advances in the "genetic engineering of the mouse," including the tissue-specific activation or inactivation of gene expression combined with developing technologies for switching gene expression on and off at will, provide experimental settings unprecedented in their potential to offer answers to long-standing questions.