Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: surgical and endoscopic approaches.

HCCa remains an uncommon malignancy, though increasing use of more radical surgery has led to prolonged survival in those patients who undergo curative resection. The extent of these resections suggest that the best results are likely to be obtained in centers with the resources and experience to conduct these operations in a safe fashion. Until major advances in the systemic therapy of HCCa are made, however, the management should focus on optimal preoperative imaging and palliation of jaundice with improvement in quality of life.