Incorporation of a high concentration of mineral or vitamin into chitosan-based films.

Mineral or vitamin E was incorporated into chitosan-based films: 10-200% (w/w chitosan) Gluconal Cal (GC), a mixture of calcium gluconate and lactate; 5-20% zinc lactate (ZL); and 5-20% alpha-tocopheryl acetate (VE) with acetylated monoglyceride (AM). The functionality of film-forming solutions and dried films was analyzed with standard procedures, and mathematical equations were developed to coordinate selected film functionality with the type and concentration of incorporated mineral or vitamin E. GC incorporation significantly increased pH and decreased viscosity of film-forming solutions, but not the addition of ZL or VE. The water barrier property of the films was improved by increasing the concentration of mineral or vitamin E in the film matrix. The tensile strength of the films was more significantly affected by GC or VE addition than film elongation, puncture strength, and puncture deformation. While a major endothermic peak around 200 degrees C was observed in DSC thermograms of chitosan-based films, only 200% GC incorporation altered this endothermic peak. This study demonstrated the capability of chitosan-based film matrix to carry a high concentration of mineral or vitamin E. Such films may be used for wrapping or coating to enhance the nutritional value of foods.