The EXPOLIS study: implications for exposure research and environmental policy in Europe.

Exposure analysis is a crucial part of effective management of public health risks caused by pollutants and chemicals in our environment. During the last decades, more data required for exposure analysis has become available, but the need for direct population based measurements of exposures is still clear. The current work (i) describes the European EXPOLIS study, designed to produce this kind of exposure data for major air pollutants in Europe, and the database created to make the collected data available for researchers (ii) reviews the exposure analysis conducted and results published so far using these data and (iii) discusses the implications of the results from the point of view of research and environmental policy in Europe. Fine particle (with 37 elements and black smoke), nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds (30 compounds) and carbon monoxide inhalation exposures and exposure-related questionnaire data were measured in seven European cities during 1996-2000. The EXPOLIS database has been used for exposure analysis of these pollutants for 4 years now and results have been published in approximately 30 peer-reviewed journal papers, demonstrating the versatility, usability and scientific value of such a data set. The multipollutant exposure data from the same subjects in the random population samples allows for analyses of the determinants, microenvironments and sources of exposures to multipollutant mixtures and associations between the different air pollutants. This information is necessary and useful for developing effective policies and control strategies for healthier environment.