Effect of breeding structure on population genetic parameters in Drosophila.

The breeding structure of populations has been neglected in studies of Drosophila, even though Wright and Dobzhansky's pioneering work on the genetics of natural populations was an attempt to tackle what they regarded as an essential factor in evolution. We compared the breeding structure of sympatric populations of D. melanogaster and D. simulans, two sibling species that are widely used in evolutionary studies. We recorded changes in population density and microsatellite variation patterns for 3 years in a temperate environment of southwestern France. Results were distinctively different in the two species. Maximum population levels in summer and in autumn were similar and fluctuated greatly over years, each species being in turn the most abundant. However, genetic data showed that D. melanogaster made up a continuous breeding population in time and space of practically infinite effective size. D. simulans was fragmented into isolates with a local effective size of between 50 and 350 individuals. A consequence of this was that, while a local sample provided a reliable estimate of regional genetic variability in D. melanogaster, a sample from the same area provided an underestimate of this parameter in D. simulans. In practical terms, this means that variations in breeding structure should be accounted for in sampling schemes and in designing evolutionary genetic models. More generally, this suggests the existence of differential reactions to local environments that might contribute to several genomic differences observed between these species.