Structural dynamics of synapses in living animals.

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of in vivo imaging approaches in the study of the way that synaptic circuits become established and the degree to which they stabilize in mature brains. We review progress since the first efforts, two decades ago, at in vivo synaptic imaging and highlight the more recent advances in molecular biology, optics and neurobiological imaging that have fueled a mini-renaissance in this line of inquiry. Many of the technical problems that limited early efforts still remain, but the rapid pace of molecular and optical innovation might soon transform this specialized field into one that is more 'mainstream'.