The activity of monkey thalamic and motor cortical neurones in a skilled, ballistic movement.

1. Three monkeys were trained to perform a reaction-time task of the wrist and single-cell recordings were made from the motor cortex (eighty-four cells), ventro-posterior lateralis par caudalis (VPLc) (forty-two cells) and cerebellar thalamus (seventy-seven cells). 2. The majority (43/77, 56%) of cerebellar thalamic neurones fired phasically during movement, whereas in the motor cortex most neurones (53/84, 64%) had a phasic-tonic discharge pattern. Most neurones in both locations discharged in relation to the direction of movement (reciprocal pattern). 3. The cerebellar thalamus is unlike the motor cortex in that it does not usually encode a signal for force or joint position in its discharge. 4. Twenty-two per cent (17/77) of cerebellar thalamic neurones had a period of reduced discharge rate before the phasic burst of activity, and represent a pattern of discharge not seen in motor cortex or VPLc neurones. 5. The onset of phasic activity in the cerebellar thalamus was significantly later (average 94 ms) than in the motor cortex but occurred just before electromyogram (EMG) activity. The phasic activity in the cerebellar thalamus usually ended before the phasic component of motor cortex discharge was completed. 6. Phasic activity in VPLc neurones commenced after the onset of EMG discharge and on average 26 ms after the commencement of movement. Most neurones with deep sensory receptive fields fired with a reciprocal pattern, while neurones with cutaneous fields usually fixed bidirectionally in relation to the task. Almost one-third of neurones signalled force and a similar number had discharge levels that encoded characteristics of the joint position. 7. The duration of discharge of VPLc neurones during the voluntary movement was marginally less than the duration of the movement velocity peak and the VPLc may therefore be signalling the duration of the velocity. Phasic activity in cerebellar thalamic neurones fired for a duration similar to the VPLc neurones, but commenced before the movement. Therefore, if the cerebellar thalamus is carrying information about the duration of the velocity, it does so before the movement starts. 8. The phasic burst of activity in cells of the cerebellar thalamus is timed so that it can contribute to the later component of the phasic burst of motor cortical discharge. Thus we speculate that in skilled, ballistic movements, the cerebellum may provide a response which travels via the cerebellar thalamus and helps to determine the magnitude and duration of the phasic part of cortical discharge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)