Cross-cultural validity of the food-related lifestyles instrument (FRL) within Western Europe.

The food-related lifestyle instrument (FRL) was tested for its validity across food cultures in Western Europe. First, responses from samples of 1000 or more consumers from each of Denmark, France, Germany, Spain and the UK were compared using multi-sample confirmatory factor analysis with structured means. The loadings, covariances and variances of the factors were invariant across countries, although item intercepts and error variances were not. In the second part of the analysis, replication samples (also Ns of 1000 or more) from France, Germany and the UK were examined for intra-cultural stability using the same statistical models. The factorial structure was completely invariant over time in three of five FRL domains, and subject to only minor variations in the other two domains. In the third part of the analysis, a revised version of the FRL was tested for cross-cultural validity, using consumer samples of 1000 each from France and the UK. This version of the FRL was also cross-culturally valid in factor loadings, covariances and variances, but still subject to variation between countries in item intercepts and error variances.