Enhancement of treatment adherence among patients with bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Because about one-third of persons with bipolar illness take less than 30 percent of their medication and because nonadherence is associated with rehospitalization and suicide, the literature was searched to identify controlled studies of enhancement of treatment adherence among persons with bipolar disorder.
METHODS: Studies published up to October 2003 were evaluated. Those selected for review were controlled trials that used samples of adults with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and that measured adherence to either mood-stabilizing medication or psychotherapy. Information was extracted on the diagnostic composition and size of the study group, the type and duration of the intervention, the method of measuring adherence, and outcomes.
RESULTS: Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. Although the literature on enhancing treatment adherence among persons with bipolar disorder is limited, the existing data are promising and demonstrate development over time in our understanding of how best to manage this illness. Interventions that have been shown to be effective include interpersonal group therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, group sessions for partners of persons with bipolar disorder, and patient and family psychoeducation. Effective therapies occur in the context of long-term management of illness that incorporates a good understanding of medications and their risks and benefits as well as education about illness awareness and self-management. The majority of effective therapies feature an interactional component between patients and their care providers or therapists.
CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to treatment for bipolar disorder may be enhanced by interventions that address issues of appropriately taking medications to manage illness. For optimum outcomes, promotion of adherence must be integrated into the medication management of bipolar illness.