Transmission of apple proliferation phytoplasma by Cacopsylla melanoneura (Homoptera: Psyllidae).

Transmission trials of apple proliferation (AP) phytoplasma to healthy apple plants were carried out with Cacopsylla melanoneura (Forster). Both field naturally infected and experimentally infected psyllids were evaluated. The capacity of the different life stages of the insect in transmitting AP was tested. Overwintered adults collected in the orchards were able to transmit AP with a variable efficiency, depending on the infectivity rate of source plants. Experimentally infected nymphs and springtime adults succeeded in the transmission of AP, but the lower number of insect tested and the shorter inoculation period, due to difficulties in rearing the whole cycle of the insect in the laboratory, affected the efficiency. Considering the life history of C. melanoneura, the overwintered adults are the most responsible of the diffusion of AP in apple orchards.